What is Data?
- Data may be Raw facts, Materials, events, figures, and symbols.in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video depending on the type of program.
- Example: Data can be anything like marks obtained by you in various subjects.
- It can also be roll no, name, gender, sub1, sub2, sub3, total marks, percentage, class etc. of all the students in a class.
What is Information?
- Information is the useful, meaningful, organize or summarization of data
- Example: Students information of your class for event purpose in table format.
What is Communication?
- The usable or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
- means of sending or receiving information, such as telephone lines or computers.\
- Example: "television is an effective means of communication“
"satellite communications"
There are different Classification of Information
• By source: internal, external, government etc.
• By level: technical, operational etc.
• By Time: present, past, future, historical etc.
• By Use: planning & decision making etc.
• By Written: written, oral etc.
• By Nature: qualitative, Formal etc.
• By Frequency: daily, monthly, yearly, real-time etc.
There are different Characteristics of Information
• Communicate to right person.
• Communicated by appropriate channel.
• Understandable by users.
• Communicate in times for its purpose.
• Accuracy
• Completeness
• Confidence in source
• Timing
• In detail
What is System?
- The word System is derived from Greek word Systema,
- which means an organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some common objective.
- A set of components that interact to accomplish goal.
- Systems can be viewed as process models in terms of their set of components like
- inputs,
- outputs,
- processing,
- feedback/control.
Some Advantages of System like
• A system has structure, it contains components that are directly or indirectly related to each other
• Better Planning
• Decision making
• The main aim at meaningful analysis & their management
• To provide the interaction between organization and its environment
• Time saving
Some Disadvantages of System like
• Complex system
• Costly system
• Constant monitoring issue
• It cant be easily & directly apply to practical approach
The Elements of a System in terms of Information Systems
1. Input
2. Output
3. Processor
4. Control
5. Feedback
6. Boundary and interface
7. Environment
System Boundary
• System by defining its boundary: the limits that identify its components, processes and
interrelationships when it interfaces with another system
• this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which entities are outside the system part of the environment.
For example:
• in a 'computer system' there is a boundary for the number of bits, the memory size etc.
• that is responsible for different levels of accuracy on different machines(like 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit etc.)
System Environment
• The environment is the 'super system' within which an organization operates.
• It excludes input, processes and outputs.
• It is the source of external elements that impose on the system.
For example
• if the results calculated/the output generated by the 'computer system' are to be used for decisionmaking purposes in the factory,
• in a business concern, in an organization, in a school, in a college or in a government office then the system is same but its environment is different.
SubSystem
• A subsystem is a set of elements,which is a system itself.
Types of System
Systems are classified in different ways:
1. Physical or abstract systems.
2. Open or closed systems.
3. Isolated system
4. 'Man-made' information systems.
5. Formal information systems.
6. Informal information systems.
7. Computer-based information systems.
8. Real-time system.
9. Permanent & temporary systems
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