In this blog, we discussed different types of terms and differences.

Hardware and Software 

There are two parts to a computer system, the hardware and the software. 

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. In short the component of computer which is touch and see by the user is known as hardware 

An example of hardware components would be the monitor, keyboard and mouse. 

Software represents the programs which contain a set of instructions written to perform a certain task on the computer. 

The component of the computer which user can not be touch by the user but user can give input to system and system can do process and give out-put to user is known as software.

An example of software like MS office, Tally, system OS etc. 

Define OS in simple terms.

The operating system (OS) is the first program that must be loaded into the memory of your PC before you can use it for any application. 

For example Window-XP, Linux, DOS, window-98, Window-vista, Window 10, Window 11

Define DOS in simple terms.

DOS is an Operating System. It works as an interpreter between the user and the computer. We give English like commands and it converts it into machine language and after the computer has processed the information, returns the results to you in English.

 

What is Booting? Types of the booting process.

The process that starts up a computer is called booting.

It checks for the proper functioning of all the peripheral devices attached to the system.

It searches for the operating system and, when located, loads it into the main memory.

Cold Booting is done by turning on the computer.

Warm Booting is performed by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del keys simultaneously.

Prof. C. D. Prajapati


INTERNAL COMMANDS 

1. These are those commands which are contained in command.com files of MS-DOS. 

2. These are those functions that are built into the command interpreter. 

3. There is no need of any external file in computer to read internal MS-DOS command.
 
4. These commands can be used as long as DOS is running on the system. 

5. Internal commands do not vary from system to system. 

6. These are ver, time, del, md, cd, copy con, cls, date, vol, ren, copy etc. 


 EXTERNAL COMMANDS 

1. These are those commands which are not in-built in MS-DOS. 

2. External commands are those which are not included in the interpreter. 

3. There is a need of an internal file in the computer to read external MS-DOS command.
 
4. External command may vary from system to system. This means any two computers with same version of MS-DOS may have same internal commands, but may have different external commands. 

 5. These are more, move, find, doskey, FC, diskcopy, xcopy, attrib, chkdsk, mem, print, tree

Differences between

1) 
Internal V/S External Commands

2)
Copy V/S Xcopy

3) 
RD V/S Deltree

4) 
Warm V/S Cold Booting

Difference between FAT & NTFS

·  FAT stands for File Allocation Table. A file allocation table (FAT) is a table that an operating system maintains on a hard disk while NTFS, which stands for NT file system and the New Technology File System, is the file system that the Windows NT operating system (OS) uses for storing and retrieving files on hard disk drives (HDDs)

 

·   The FAT32 file system cannot store individual files larger than 4 GB, while the NTFS file system can.

·    Compared to FAT32, the NTFS file system has higher disk utilization and can manage disk space more effectively.

 

·     The read and write speeds of NTFS are also faster than that of FAT32.

 

·  The FAT32 file system is suitable for smaller capacity flash memory devices (such as memory cards, USB drives, and other storage devices), while the NTFS file system is suitable for large capacity disks.

 

· NTFS, Maximum disk size: 256 terabytes. Maximum file size: 256 terabytes. Maximum number of files on disk: 4,294,967,295.

·     FAT, Maximum disk size: 4 GB. Maximum file size: 4 GB. Maximum number of files on disk: 4096.

 

·  FAT32 is only supported by SD/uSD cards with capacity less than 32GB, and it does not support storing or transmitting any single file that exceeds 4GB in size. 


Can FAT32 be converted to NTFS?

Step 1: Take your external storage device to PC and run "Windows File Explorer."

Step 2: Find and right-click on the targeted device; choose "Format.".

Step 3: Now, you need to tick the "Quick Format",

Step 4: and change the file system as "NTFS." Click on "Start" to initiate the formatting.




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